Economics Sports economics

Introduction Every organization and every event needs to be structured properly for successful completion and evaluation. Whether it is business or sports, the appropriate structure and the framework is to be adopted properly with the correct attainment of features. MLS is Major League Soccer which is a professional league of Soccer in United States and Canada. The league is one of the sports league in USA and it comprises of 19 teams among which, 16 teams are from US and 3 teams are from Canada. The League is founded in the year 1993 and this league is affiliated and sanctioned by US Soccer Federation. The teams can play in other major cups also like US Open Cup, Canadian Champion ship, CONCACAF Champions league. Instead of the initial financial and operational problems in the first few years and there were some major transformations at that period. After the changes, MLS has expanded in terms of financial and structural attributes and with the specific objective by the owners, the evolution has been incurred perfectly (Cairns, et al, 1990). Instead of the different owners for the different teams, MLS works as a single entity and each team is owned and controlled by the leagues investors. These investors or operators control their teams just like the owners control their teams in other major leagues and thus t he organizational structure and the different business and economical attributes are also different for the MLS. Here the different business proposition and attributes with the economic and management perspective are discussed and analysed and those will help to understand the restructure the future strategies or different future framework for MLS (Cairns, et al, 1990). Organizational structure of MLS MLS follows a unique structure among all the leagues present in North America. MLS is operated by single body structure. All the clubs who have joined with MLS are considered as the part of business entity. There is only a single ownership present for the existing clubs within MLS. All the existing clubs under the league are operated and controlled by the league itself. The existing clubs under the league can operate independently and they can organize their operation independently. The activities which are done by the front office are considered as the accountability of the club. The Board of Directors are also considered as the accountability of the league. The major shareholder group or the owners belong to the league itself. The company is recently adopting the expansion strategy by adding more clubs under the league. There is a culture among the league to share the revenue and profits among the clubs of the league. Presently, the league consists of 19 clubs out of them 16 clubs belong to USA and the remaining 3 belong to Canada. Though the clubs get the opportunity to run the daily operation independently but the control lies in the hand of the league itself. In case, the contracts between the players are required to be reviewed and even in case of establishing new contracts the league will take every decisions. The players contracts are made centrally and the clubs cannot take any decisions regarding this. The Major League Soccer maintains a franchise model in which the clubs under the Major league Soccer are accountable to provide franchise fees to the league. Generally, the North American clubs enjoy more liberty than the European clubs but, Major Soccer League is known as the one vital exception. The player Union consists of the labours of five different leagues and those are The National Football League Players Association, The National Basketball and Hockey Association, The major league soccer association and finally the Major League Basketball playe rs Association forms the labour Union. The economic and financial integration are happened by the collective bargaining agreement (CBA) among the players of the clubs and the leagues. The CBA process lasts for five years and the process of re-negotiation among the players and the league owners can create a hindrance in the progress of the organization. The organization structure can be observed from the view point of productivity and the productivity of the league comes from two distinct bases and those are, the team base and the league base. First the club owners used to develop the skills and strengths for their players but any individual club is unable to produce long term profits. The second stage of organizational production function then consists of the league structure and performance (Demmert, 1973). Literature on sports economics in respect of MLS There are two dimensions present in the sports economics which signifies the level of competition in the sports market or the rules and regulations adopted by the sports market. The first dimension is related to the labour market where the movement of the players are highly regulated and the second dimension is the regulation implemented in the finance market. The finance market refers to that market which signifies the revenue collection either individually or collectively (Kesenne, 2010). The central body has the power to collect and distribute the revenues among the existing clubs. The two-dimensional model can provide four possible outcomes. Source: The sport business future (Aaron C.T. Smith) The revenue collection may be done by the competitor team and can be retained by them without distributing the revenue amount. The two dimensional framework which can raise four different types of possibilities can be shown by the above diagram. The 1st quadrant in the above diagram represents the free market where the finance market and the labour market are unregulated in nature (Cairns, et al, 1990). The home team is responsible for collecting the revenue but for example, the television promotions can be managed by the individual clubs. The quadrant two represents the unregulated type of labour market and the regulated type of finance market. Whatever the revenue will come can be used to redistribute those among the poorly structured clubs and teams but in this system the players would have the choice to choose the clubs where they want to play. The quadrant 3 represents the regulated labour market and the regulated finance market and this is considered as the mostly regulated and tight market scenario. Quadrant four finally, represents the unregulated finance and restricted labour market. The players contribution should be equally distributed and the talent of the players will also be equally distributed among the participating team (Rascher, 2012). The sources of revenues are generated in the North American context from different broad sources and those are selling of the tickets, second source is the facility based revenue which signifies that with the improved facilities the demand of the games would be increased and thus sports expenditure would also increase. The concept of transfer payment does not present in the context of North America and most of the leagues encourage prohibition of selling the players for cash (Cairns, et al, 1990). The ticket sales along with the fees for media rights, television and broadcasting rights etc are the major sources of the revenues of the company. The leagues have evaluated new form of earning revenues including the premium ticket selling, by introducing the luxury boxes and by introducing the club seats. The club seats refer to the special seating arrangement which is arranged in a special area of the club. The premium tickets are sold almost two to four times more than the normal ticket prices. Sponsorship is another source of obtaining revenue by the league (Sloane, 2006). In the sports economics it is argued about which objective a firm or a lunge should follow. One objective is the profit maximization objective which is considered as the basic objective of any economy. The second objective is the utility maximization objective which is required for the long term development of an organization. For determining the price of the tickets the league depends on the long term objectives of the business. The wages that are required to offer to the employees also depend on the broader objective of the organization. Most of the economists have observed that American leagues are dependent on the utility maximization approach. For satisfying the needs and requirements of the stakeholders of the leagues the leagues follow the profit maximization objectives as the profit maximization is the prime objective of any organization (Ferguson, et al, 2001). For the clubs under MLS winning the match will always signify a prestigious issue. Every league will prefer a wealt hy and prestigious franchise house. The clubs are therefore needs to apply a equilibrium market structure where the prices and the wage level would be fixed in accordance to both the profit maximizing objective and the utility maximizing objective. The economic effect of the sports lies in the broader sense and many economists have argued that, the introduction of new stadiums are not able to generate the economic welfare to the local areas but in the broader sense the soccer can introduce economic welfare on the country basis. Business Management within MLS The Major League Soccer is one of the major games or sport activity within US as stated before and this league is followed by a numerous number of people within the region. The average attendance is also higher than the attendance in NBA and other sports. The league has been profitable from the time of demonstrating single entity ownership structure within the league. The umbrella marketing and media and advertising scenario has also helped to demonstrating profits for the company. The league has developed the infrastructure for the stadiums and the play grounds and with them, more advertisement or ownerships has expanded. The league is now being shown in ESPN network with a long term seal signed and MP and Silva is also appointed with a partnership right for the television broadcasting. The league is also being sponsored by Adidas and many more company and also most every team has a separate sponsor for them. These also help to increase the profitability and the business structure f or the Major League Soccer. The teams are operated separately and for each team, there is an operational or business partner present within the league. Few teams have acquired also breakeven in the year 2012 and according to Forbes, the teams will be also more profitable due to the increase in soccer and the league within the people. The league also control costs by introducing the share revenues among the franchises and holds player contracts despite of players being contracted by the individual teams. The business strategy of the league is more concentrated into holistic marketing rather than individualistic marketing. The Major League Soccer is a private business entity and it does not publish the revenue or the share details to the public (Demmert,1973). So the public disclosure and the business strategy are more concentrated with the single entity ownership business approach and this will include the future consideration and policies for profitable league operations. Assessment of organization performance and structure in MLS IN the other major leagues like La Liga, BPL, Bundesliga etc. the organizational structure is more into perfect competition status and the owners of the clubs are also into individualistic approach. The leagues are bounded by the owners and their funding as the owners also find high risks attached with the operation of the clubs (Dietl and Lang, 2008). If an owner wants to direct the risk or the liquidity to other options, they are limited. No individual club owner is economically viable to approach or invest in other forms of business with the up growing risks attached to the club in those leagues other than selling the club. Thus specific league status and to safeguard the investors into the leagues, a different framework or process ne implied and applied with the leagues. The hold u risks and the cost to the owner are sometimes great and thus the leagues are also affected by the owners and stakeholders decisions (Szymanski and Ross, 2007). Therefore, classical form of the leagues can be more implemented and addressed as the value chain would be more under unified ownership and the owners can distribute the risks with associated teams for getting better performance and better stability within the leagues. An alternative business organization and organizational structure of vertical integration can be implemented within perception. The value chain can be more admired with the forward integration for the activities like team development into cup run or championship production. The back ward integration can be also seen as the introduction of the league owners into the leagues (Dietl and Lang, 2008). In the Major League Soccer of US, there is a single entity for commencing the league strategies and objectives and for doing that, voting is taken. The democratic issues within the League are more into accessible and adoptable rather than the other leagues. The participants are the club owners and they are more into owning the league rather than owning the single club. In this organizational structure, the risk is less and the clubs can be more prosperous with the perfect competition and endeavours attained by the owners (Downward and Dawson, 2000). This business consideration is unique and the owners do have the risks distributed within the clubs equally. There are also proper policies and rules to distribute the wealth or salary among the players. Apart from the designated player, core players or key player policies, all the players are in the same league or in the same salary caps. The team owners are also responsible for structuring the league with the financial and management pr ocesses and thus these improvements are to be observed within the Major League Soccer in US. There are also proper training and development activities which are integrated within the Major League Soccer and these helps to improve or emerge new young players within the soccer world. There is additional advertisers or fundraisers present in the league to introduce funds for the development and achievement of the league (Vrooman, 1995). Discussion and conclusion The above discussion of the events is examined by different frameworks and different techniques to understand the impact of the Major League Soccer in US with the appropriate relevance to the structure of the league. As seen from the discussion, the structure and organizational framework is different from the other major leagues and the league organization and proposition is also different from the others. The Major League Soccer is organized on the single entity and the owners own the league rather than the clubs individually and this activity is better in some points of organizational strategies (Dietl and Lang, 2008). The major change or difference is in the light of structure and strategies with the business orientation. The clubs are also been equally judged and synchronised by the owners and the league organization committee is responsible as the central authority for the teams and the players (Downward and Dawson, 2000). This structure implies the appropriate distribution of p ower and risks. But it is also responsible for the delaying of decisions or strategic implementation of the policies. As per the voting or decision taking rights, the single entity league structure is more adoptable and suitable to justify fair chance and structure of the leagues. But the salary caps or the decisions are to be more lenient or at par with other major leagues and the players and the clubs are to be more adjustable with the requirement. Other than that, no permanent restructuring is needed to be emphasised within the Major League Soccer.

Patch Adams free essay sample

Adams had a difficult childhood. His father, an officer in the United States Army, had fought in  Korea, and died while stationed in Germany when Adams was still a teenager. After his fathers death, Adams returned to the United States with his mother and brother. Upon his return, Adams has stated that he encountered institutional injustice which made him a target for bullies at school. As a result, Adams was unhappy and became actively suicidal. After being hospitalized three times in one year for wanting to end his life, he decided you dont kill yourself, stupid; you make revolution. Early career After graduating (1963) from  Wakefield High School  Adams completed pre-med coursework at the  George Washington University. He began medical school without an undergraduate degree, and earned his  Doctor of Medicine  degree at  Virginia Commonwealth University  (Medical College of Virginia) in 1971. In the late 1960s one of his closest friends (a man, not a woman as depicted in the  Patch Adamsfilm) was murdered. We will write a custom essay sample on Patch Adams or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Convinced of the powerful connection between  environment  and  wellness, he believes the health of an individual cannot be separated from the health of the family, community, and the world. While working in an adolescent clinic at  MCV, in his final year of med school, he met Linda Edquist, a fellow VCU student who volunteered in the clinic. Soon after graduation, Patch, Linda, and friends founded the  Gesundheit! Institute  (originally known to many as the Zanies), which ran as a free community hospital for 12 years. Institute, envisioned as a free, full-scale hospital and health care  eco-community, is planned on 316 acres (128  ha) in  Pocahontas County, West Virginia. Its goal is to integrate a traditional hospital with  alternative medicine, with the organization developing educational programs in sustainable  systems design  targeted to medical students and the general public. Since the 1990s Adams has supported the  Ithaca Health Alliance  (IHA),  founded as the Ithaca Health Fund (IHF) by  Paul Glover. In January 2006 IHA launched the Ithaca Free Clinic, bringing to life key aspects of Adams vision. Adams has also given strong praise to  Health Democracy, Glovers book written and published the same year. In October 2007, Adams and the Gesundheit Board unveiled its campaign to raise $1 million towards building a Teaching Center and Clinic on its land in  West Virginia. The Center and Clinic will enable Gesundheit to see patients and teach health care design. Adams urges medical students to develop compassionate connections with their patients. His prescription for this kind of care relies on humor and play, which he sees as essential to physical and emotional health. Ultimately, Adams wants theGesundheit! Institute  to open a 40-bed hospital in rural West Virginia that offers free,  holistic care  to anyone who wants it. Adams was awarded the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award on January 29, 1997. In 2008, Adams agreed to become honorary chair of the International Association for the Advancement of Creative Maladjustment or IAACM. In a number of his speeches and essays, Martin Luther King, Jr. had called for such an IAACM, but none was ever created. MindFreedom International, a nonprofit coalition that Gesundheit! elongs to as a sponsor group, launched the IAACM to support creative maladjustment and social change. Adams has criticized the film, saying it eschewed an accurate representation of his beliefs in favor of commercial viability. He said that out of all aspects of his life and activism, the film portrayed him merely as a funny doctor. 9]  Patch Adams also said of Robin Williams in an interview, He made $21 million for four months of pretending to be me, in a very simplistic version, and did not give $10 to my free hospital. Patch Adams, the person, would have, if I had Robins money, given  all  $21 million to a free hospital in a country where 80 million cannot get care. However, in another interview, Adams did clarify that he did not dislike Williams  and Williams has actively supported  St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital  for several years. As a speaker, Dr. Adams travels around the globe lecturing about his medicine methods.

Sample Essay for FDCPA Question on an Exam

Sample Essay for FDCPA Question on an ExamThe first things to note when writing a sample essay for the FDCPA question on an exam are the target audience and the purpose of the essay. If you are writing to your supervisor, or a friend who is in the same position, you will probably have little trouble in writing a work essay. If you are writing to a university official, then you will want to do your homework. When writing a work-based paper, you must make sure that you do not come across as condescending or arrogant.Students working toward an exam often make a similar mistake. Instead of addressing themselves personally to the examiner, they begin their essay by describing how they came to work at the company in the first place. If you are a student at university, you may find that this is not helpful in the way that it might be if you were working towards an exam. Make sure that your sample essay address the reader as a whole and not as one person. After all, most students will likely speak to only one or two people, but you as the writer should be speaking to the entire class as a whole.Your essay should also follow a pattern that is strictly prescribed by the FDCPA. In particular, you will want to follow these three guidelines: introduction, body, and conclusion. To give you a preview of what the essay will look like, here is a basic outline of the essay process. Remember that the guidelines will not change over time, but the outline gives you a simple guideline to work from. This outline also allows you to keep the topic at hand while you are writing your essay.Introduction is the first part of the essay. In this part, you will summarize the information that is in the body of the essay. This part will also serve as a preview of the next section, which is the next part of the essay. You will want to explain how you came to be a part of the topic and give your opinion on the situation.Body of the essay begins with the introduction. If you are writing the body t o answer a FDCPA question, this is where you will start. You will usually leave the first paragraph of the body out and simply follow the format of your first paragraph, giving the reader a brief summary of what is contained in the body of the body.The conclusion will follow, but always start with the first paragraph and make sure that you use a closing statement at the end of your essay. The body should give the reader enough information to get them interested in reading the rest of the essay. When writing a work-based essay, you must always finish with a conclusion. The conclusion provides closure and expresses the final point you wish to make in your essay. As a result, you must make sure that you are using an effective conclusion to give your essay a professional look.You can learn more about writing for the FDCPA by going online. There are many resources available that will help you write effectively for FDCPA. These resources will teach you how to organize your thoughts and ho w to structure your essays so that you do not come across as too arrogant or condescending to the employer.As you can see, writing a sample essay for the FDCPA question on an exam is not too difficult. However, you will need to keep your essay as straightforward as possible, and do not come across as arrogant or condescending to the employer. This will go a long way toward giving you a professional grade on your exam and the more you practice the better you will become.

Gender roles portrayed in society Essay Example

Gender roles portrayed in society Essay In the sasss, the popular shows at the time were Father Knows Best, Dennis the Menace and Leave it to the Beaver. All of these shows implying that women were to be at home and men were to work, bringing home the bacon. This ideology affected society, men began to feel as though that they must solely make all the money and took the burden upon themselves. If you could not provide for your family then you didnt do your Job. As for women, they had to do all the domestic chores and had to depend solely on their husbands. For women, this was very unfair. They felt as though they were left at a disadvantage. In the ass and the years to come, they would be discriminated against and only be allowed to work Jobs that fit their capabilities. For example, they could do secretarial work and other very menial Jobs. They could not push beyond their boundaries even if they had the qualifications to do so. Television shows were not the only aspect that affected society. Of course with all the advertisement selling items such as laundry Ghana 2 chillness, kitchen appliances and other domestic-Like devices were all advertised with women. Which indicated and Insinuated to society that this Is what a womens Job as, This later leads to how society will then Influence the coming years. The Information presented reflects the Idea that social media effects the colonization of gender roles. Pointing out commercials and television shows that were Indeed used to almost Indoctrinate whoever watched It and the people surrounding them. Making men and women feel as though this is the social standard in which they are to follow esteem and/or decision making. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender roles portrayed in society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Gender roles portrayed in society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Gender roles portrayed in society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Which poses many concerns on how sex roles are interpreted. As years go by, society now has established this unspoken fact that omen are incapable and therefore must be protected by a man. Women are seen as incompetent, they are taken advantaged of because theyre viewed as easy. A speech given by a renowned feminist named Chainman Ongoing Addicted said, We teach girls to shrink themselves, to make themselves smaller. We say to girls, You can have ambition but not too much. O should aim to be successful but not too successful, otherwise you will threaten the man. Because I am female, I am expected to aspire to marriage, I am expected to make my life choices always keeping in mind that marriage is the most important. Now marriage can be a source of Joy and love and mutual support but why do we teach girls to aspire to marriage and we dont teach boys the same? We raise girls to see each other as competitors, not for Jobs or for accomplishments. Which I think could be a good thing, bu t for the attention of men. We teach girls that they cannot be sexual beings in the way that boys are. What Chainman says is very true based on Ghana 3 what society has shown. For example, girls are taught to never aim to be a CEO or a political leader. Girls are taught to be a helping hand almost, to guide their man to retreats. She says that because she is female she is expected to aspire to marriage that statement is true because women are expected to fit this idea of a beautiful being. To be fit and to also have lady-like mannerisms. That is why girls nowadays are almost competing for a title, women see each other as competitors but never for the brains. They compete with their looks, women have tendencies to see each other a competitors and feel protective of their men. Women are also never allowed to be the same as men in sexual encounters. Women are seen as something o pure and once their purity is gone. Theyre no longer worth what they once were, so they are encourage to not lose this purity. Men on the other hand are encouraged to rendezvous as much as possible, the more the better. Butler views sex as a socially constructed category which stems out of social and cultural practices and gender identity is not a manifestation of intrinsic essence but rather the product of actions and behavior that is, performance. She undermines the thought that sex is a natural born category and is very convincing in her argument. Sex isnt a category to which we are born in, surely we are a male and female but her argument g oes beyond shallow thought. She states that females could have easily been the male of the world and that we chose to label it however we wanted to. Our society made up this category that men are to protect and women are to be protected. Gender is produced from what we do, some females may choose to be the provider and caretaker. Gender is chosen by the being individually. Sometimes the individual cannot choose for themselves, sometimes parents influence children as soon as theyre born. Ghana 4 Parents have expectations of children depending on their sex. Giving examples such as colors, toys, and assumptions of behaviors differentiated by genders. Parents have differential expectation of sons and daughters as early as 24 house after birth which Witt stated in this essay. Witt believes that parents have a huge impact once how children will portray their roles in society. Witt proves this by showing studies that show boys have more masculine items in their rooms than girls do. For example, the basic colors that are used to represent a specific sex, pink is used to present females and blue for males. Males typically have sports equ ipment in their bedrooms and girls have frills. Socially accepted toys for boys are sport related or toys related to things boys have to like. For example hammers, sports balls, and/or cars. Females on the other hands are usually given toys such as dolls and play household items. All of which psychologically effect how they think and act. When girls are tomboys it is very often almost looked down upon and vice versa for a male. Many people Judge girls are on their body shapes and how they are dressed. Girls would usually be slim and dressed well. Boys are usually looked at how broad their shoulders are, their build. Parents expect their daughters to be calm, cool and collected and boys are expected to be masculine,chivalrous and reliable. Corcoran wrote an article in the Daily Nebraskan titled, Stereotypical Gender Roles Have No Place in Modern Society. According to this article, in modern society women should not have to conform to societal beliefs that women should be any less ambition than men. He believes that in todays society, now it is more socially acceptable for omen not to follow traditional ideals. He refers to this age as the golden age of gender roles. Before it was assumed that men wanted to be the sole breadwinner for Ghana 5 their families, now it isnt considered to be the case. There is too much pressure on the men as there is pressure on women. He tells us to not surrender to your nature and that we should instead aim to better ourselves and follow what we wish to do, not what society tells us to want. The stereotypical gender roles were once acceptable in society but now times are hanging and so are opinions. Society now markets on the independence of a woman by appealing to women across the globe to make a difference. There are many iconic females such as Beyond, Opera and so on have stood to show that girls Run the World. Females across the globe have started to make changes. Not only have females stood up, males have as well. Even in modern times, men are expected to pay for dates and gifts. Even though a relationship is a two way street, males are still expected to be the giver. Nowadays, some females like to pay for their dates. Some

Concept of Employee Downsizing

Concept of Employee Downsizing Introduction and overview of the article Human resource is an important capital for an organization; however, during organization change, employee downsizing may be an essential strategy for an organization’s survival. Employee downsizing may not involve laying off staff, but can be done through freezing of hiring. However, hiring freeze, also known as attrition, does not always result in staff reduction; instead, it may cause staff imbalances especially considering that there is no replacement of retiring employees[1].Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Concept of Employee Downsizing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Employee downsizing is defined as planned reduction of the workforce by either laying off, early retirement or failing to replace retired staff and does not include termination due to poor performance[2]. This strategy is used by organization to cut back the cost of operating. In addition, downsizin g is done to reduce managerial layers, hence speed up decision-making process, to increase productivity and increase core competencies, and outsource peripheral duties. There are various criteria that management uses when choosing the employees to downsize productivity, age, competency of employee and health or fitness of the employees. Generally, managers indicate that they use performance appraisals and evaluating skills of employee when selecting employees for downsizing[3]. Downsizing can produce adverse consequences to employees and the employer. Generally, employee motivation on those left behind is largely affected, which can be translated to low productivity. Besides, the organization can lose valuable staff due to voluntary retirement that may be difficult and expensive to replace. In the event downsizing is unavoidable, management should ensure that the process is done at the appropriate time, proper selection criterion is used, while sufficient communication and secrecy is maintained to avoid negative effects[4]. In another perspective, both the leaving and staying employees may be affected health wise. Therefore, this research evaluates the effects of downsizing on the health of leavers and those staying in an organization. This article evaluates the health of employees in municipal before downsizing and after downsizing. Consequently, the article tests the hypothesis that employees with health problems before downsizing in an organization are the target of layoffs, while the health of leavers after downsizing is dependent of reemployment. In support of first hypothesis, many researches indicate that, organization may consider the health of an employee during downsizing. Generally, various researchers suggest that loss of job due to downsizing considerately affect the health of employees.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Theme an d article summary The theme of this article is health trends of employees before and after downsizing. It explores the links of health problem with being targeted for layoff and the consequences of being laid off on individuals’ health. The research was based on two hypotheses selection and consequence hypothesis. The selection hypothesis suggests that employees with health problems are a target of being made redundant while consequence hypothesis indicated that downsizing increased the risks of health problems. Leavers were grouped into three categories depending on the amount of reduction of days worked, which included minor, intermediate and major. Consequently, they were also classified as reemployed leavers or unemployed leavers. In deed, this pre downsizing health problems determined whether leavers obtained subsequent employment. The result was that, employees who obtain reemployment after downsizing expressed better health than their counterparts did. However, the st ayers experienced the highest risk of health problems after downsizing. Generally, this was attributed to high levels of stress and anxiety due to strict supervision by the management. Importantly, the research dispels the selection hypothesis that claimed that leavers were less healthy than stayers were. Contrary to the selection hypothesis, healthy and more competent employee easily volunteered to leave. Authority, timeliness, and Bias The research was conducted by a panel of experts in the field of human resource management hence a reliable authority in the matter. In addition, it comprised of several authors who brought onboard wide variety of expertise and knowledge on the matter. Despite this, the article has weaknesses as it reports on a research done in 1990, which is quite a long time ago; hence, the findings might not be applicable in present settings. Finally, the authors have referenced many other authors who may contribute to some preconceived notions. Accuracy, Reliabi lity and Viability The research evaluated the health of both stayers and leavers, hence creating a platform for critical comparison. However, the research did not evaluate the reasons for leaving by the leavers. Data concerning health before downsizing was collected in a fairly stable time, hence producing accuracy. However, the findings may not apply universally as labor and social policies differ from one country to another. Primarily, data was collected from employers’ records and questionnaires filled out by employees, hence the data used were reliable. The participants in these research comprised of a wide range of employees including different sexes, age groups, and thirty-two variant job categories.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Concept of Employee Downsizing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, the research was conducted over three years duration, giving sufficient time for possible conseq uences of downsizing to be identified. Moreover, the research categorized the leavers and the stayers into smaller categories that aided comprehensive assessment of each group. Methodology The researchers used quantitative methodology research technique through consultation and evaluation. Based on previous research on impact of downsizing on health of stayers, the researchers sought to identify the effects of downsizing on both stayers and leavers. They used a methodology of testing two hypotheses selection and consequence hypothesis. Analysis, Significance of the findings The article illustrates the impact of various levels of downsizing on the employees, both leavers and stayers. Consequently, it outlines various levels of downsizing. The findings support the consequence hypothesis; leavers were exposed to physiological, mental, and physical problems. Moreover, the selection hypothesis is disapproved partially since there are employees who are willing to leave voluntarily and ar e healthier than the stayers are. Subsequently, the stayers in the job categories where there was major downsizing expressed more health problems than their counterparts in other job categories that had lower downsizing did. The findings can be used by social service providers in supporting employees who lost their jobs to avoid health complication. Based on these findings, proper structures can be formed by the governments to meet the needs of immediate unemployed persons. Moreover, the organization can provide safety nets to assist its employees to transit easily from employment to unemployment status. The finding can also be used to compel organizations to put in place programs and mechanism to aid employees during downsizing[5]. In quest for high productivity and effectiveness, the organization can formulate downsizing in a manner that would lower the negative health effects on employees[6]. Strengths The major strength of the research is that, foundational information and data was collected before any rumors of downsizing were spread. This is in realization that, the fear of downsizing can affect the health of employees even before loss of job has occurred. Besides, the respondents that were involved in this research were many, hence a sufficient sample to evaluate and draw conclusions. The data excluded employees who retired due to old age in this research.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the researchers did not use reduction of number of employees as a measure of downsizing; rather, they calculated the number of days worked. The sample being worked on comprised of several correspondent from wide demographic and variant job categories, hence providing a viable sample. Finally, the article articulates its findings and methods clearly, and gives logical explanations. Limitation The major limitation of these findings is that the research did not include the reasons for leaving during downsizing. These factors can influence the likelihood of employees to obtain new employment. Additionally, the research included early retirees in the group of non-employed leavers, which can influence the findings, as most of these persons were relatively older and prone to health problems. Consequently, the researchers did not attain statistically significant percentages that support the claim that non-employed leavers have higher health problems. Several assumptions were appli ed during this research, which can influence the findings. Moreover, many other factors that contribute to ill health are not factored in this research. The research links lack of reemployment opportunity to poor health, while there are other factors that contribute to lack of jobs i.e. economic forces and competency levels. Therefore, the authors recommend additional research on how downsizing affects stayers and leavers. Nevertheless, the article is written by several authors that could have led to lack of objectivity of the matter. Summary The research draws a link between downsizing and the level of downsizing to the health of the affected employees. Primarily, this research clearly indicates that there is connection between deterioration of health and downsizing of employees. It suggests that non-employed leavers are at a higher risk of various health issues compared to other groups. Nevertheless, the stayers in job categories that experienced major downsizing were also largely affected i.e. higher levels of downsizing implied higher risks of health problems. In addition, leavers with better health have better chance of reemployment compared to unhealthy leavers, which contradicts the selection hypothesis. In addition, the research concluded that the average age of reemployed leavers was lower than unemployed leavers. Further, the health of reemployed and non-employed leavers did not differ significantly from stayers in job categories that experienced minor or no downsizing. Data The data clearly indicates a correlation between health problems and downsizing in an organization. However, in some respect, the research did not obtain statistical significance percentage to support the claim. Importantly, organizations and the local governments’ structures can be set in order to help employees to transit from employment to unemployment during downsizing. Employee loyalty Besides lack of motivation, employees especially stayers lack loyalty and commitmen t to their employers and their responsibilities is prevalent during downsizing[7]. Mainly, loss of loyalty is caused by fear, anxiety, and strict supervision. Additionally, employees are concerned about possible job loss, chances of advancement, new supervisors, and hence variant expectations[8]. In deed, lack of loyalty is higher in job categories that are more exposed to major downsizing. This can translate to lower productivity or even lose of valuable employees due to insecurity. Therefore, during downsizing, the organization management should formulate plans to motivate the stayers and restore employee trust and loyalty in the organization. Bibliography Anertez, Bengt Ekman, Rolf. Stress is Health and Disease. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2006. https://books.google.com/books?id=JSXzO-iZElwCprintsec=frontcoverdq=Stress+is+Health+and+diseasehl=enei=SyhMTZ2pK5LW4gaD4IyODAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false . Diane publishing Company. Workforce Reduction: Downsizing strategies used in selected organizations. NY: Diane Publishing, 1995. https://books.google.com/books?id=BwUNAAAAIAAJpg=PA25dq=Diane+publishing+Company:+Workforce+Reduction:+Downsizing+strategies+used+in+selected+organizations.+Diane+Publishing,+1995hl=enei=gyhMTfynF4_qOdmsoOAPsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false . Roussea, Denise. Psychological contracts in organizations: understanding written and unwritten agreements. California: Sage, 1995. https://books.google.com/books?id=FG1qprRMUlECprintsec=frontcoverdq=Psychological+contracts+in+organizations:+understanding+written+and+unwritten+agreements+California,+Sage,+1995hl=enei=5ChMTYygMY704Qb2ntiuDAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false . Shalhoub, Zeinab Karake, Zeinab. Organizational downsizing, discrimination and corporate social responsibility. CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. https://books.google.com/books?id=B_T7lvd0mHECpg=PA96dq=Organizational+down sizing,+discrimination+and+corporate+social+responsibility.USA,+Greenwood+Publishing+Group,+1999hl=enei=GylMTdY0oLDgBsOJgfgLsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false . Yankelovich, Daniel. Mother Jones Magazine, Vol. 22, No. 4, Jul-Aug 1997. Mother Jones Publisher, 1997. https://books.google.com/books?id=oOcDAAAAMBAJpg=PT63dq=employee+loyalty+during+downsizinghl=enei=5BxMTdOVMoXrOZqAiSQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CDYQ6AEwAw#v=onepageqf=false . Footnotes Diane publishing Company, Workforce Reduction: Downsizing strategies used in selected organizations, (NY: Diane Publishing, 1995), p. 6. Denise Roussea, Psychological contracts in organizations: understanding written and unwritten agreements, (California: Sage, 1995), p.212. Diane publishing Company, ibid, p.31 Zeinab Shalhoub Zeinab Karake, Organizational downsizing, discrimination and corporate social responsibility, (CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999), p.60. Diane publishing Company, ibi d, p.35 Bengt Anertez Rolf Ekman Stress is Health and Disease (Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2006), p.106. Daniel Yankelovich, Mother Jones Magazine, Jul-Aug 1997 Vol. 22, No. 4 (NY: mother Jones Publisher, 1997), p.60 Diane publishing Company, ibid, p.32

Effective Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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The conflict between Russia and Chechen Republic Essay

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